Data represents the share of respondents that agree with the following statement: “If a COVID-19 vaccine were made available to me this week, I would definitely get it.” Respondents were presented with a 1 to 5 scale, ranging from “Strongly agree” (1) to “Strongly disagree” (5). Any judgment he could make more than forty years later is pure supposition. So even if Hahn is right, it doesn’t disprove the OPV theory. La vaccination contre la rage est obligatoire chez les chiens, les chats et les furets qui voyagent depuis la Belgique vers un autre pays de l’UE ou qui y entrent. It estimated that, in Belgium, there was a theoretical risk of a rare blood clot after an AstraZeneca injection for 1.4 cases per 700,000 doses in the over-55 age range. This meant that less vaccine had to be transported, and that vaccine quantity and titre could be boosted on arrival. For trials in Africa (then at least two days from the US by plane), the standard practice was to fly a small bottle of the vaccine, packed in an ice-box, to the destination lab, where it was amplified in whichever primate cells were locally available. Osterrieth dismisses the memories of African technicians by saying that one was a ‘low-level employee’, while the testimony of the other ‘isn’t of any value’. We asked which primate had been used to make the tissue cultures, and Elebe’s reply was prompt: ‘Surtout les chimpanzés.’. The most interesting argument against OPV has been put forward by two American scientists, Preston Marx and Ernest Drucker. The primates used by the Polish scientists were the standard Asian macaques, which are not naturally infected with SIV. The Editor At least some of these cultures also employed chimpanzee sera to nourish the cells, which means there was substantial potential for recombination (the exchange of fragments of DNA) between different SIV strains in vitro. The Gisselquist group provides a long list of surveys they have examined, and impressive pages of mathematical formulae, but their research smacks of a lack of experience of the African epidemic on the ground. The vaccine, developed by the Johnson & Johnson-owned pharmaceutical firm, is 66 per cent effective overall at preventing moderate to severe coronavirus 28 days after vaccination, trial results show. When bled 2-3 months after vaccination, 60% of previously type-1 negative children had antibodies; interference by wild enteric … Each time a new order came in, Osterrieth made fresh polio vaccine. It proposes that an experimental polio vaccine called CHAT, developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, initiated the Aids pandemic by introducing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from the common chimpanzee into some of the million Africans who were given the vaccine between 1957 and 1960. In recent weeks there has been a new spin on the needles debate, provided by David Gisselquist. THE Belgian authorities have inspected the AstraZeneca production plant in their country to verify the reality about the problems alleged by the pharmaceutical company for not serving the covid-19 vaccines contracted by the European Union in time. Hilary Koprowski (5 December 1916 – 11 April 2013) was a Polish virologist and immunologist active in the United States who demonstrated the world's first effective live polio In Uganda, which was probably the first country in the world to experience a visible community-wide Aids epidemic, almost every survey from 1985 onwards reveals intermediate levels of HIV-1 infection for 0-to-4-year-olds (presumably largely caused by perinatal spread), which plummet to virtually zero for 5-to-14-year-olds, then rise steeply for the ages of 15 to 45 for women, and 20 to 55 for men, before tailing off to zero for older individuals. We know that CHAT vaccine was administered in at least 27 different places, all in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. We tracked down and talked to three former lab technicians who had worked at LMS in the late 1950s. Cohen was only stating what other scientists had been murmuring for some time: that the phylogenetic model used by Hahn, Sharp and Korber to date the epidemic appears inherently flawed, in that it allows for evolution through mutation, but not through recombination, which is now revealed as a major factor in the development of immunodeficiency viruses. The following chart shows monthly data on public willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Sharp PM, Hahn BH. The 1958 report of the laboratory in which Paul Osterrieth worked recounts that cell cultures were achieved from baboon kidneys. It has also been claimed, for instance by a group of researchers led by Beatrice Hahn, Bette Korber and Paul Sharp, that Aids could not have started in the 1950s, because their calculations reveal that the first HIV infection (the so-called ‘Eve virus’) must have existed in the 1940s or 1930s. Rather surprisingly, given that none of the samples selected had been prepared specifically for the African trials, the results were widely taken by medical journals, and by the press at large, as concrete proof against the OPV theory. In practice, batches are prepared by taking a small quantity of the vaccine pool (or a batch made from that pool), and amplifying it by a final passage in monkey kidney tissue culture. I am returning to this subject now because there is new evidence, both historical and scientific, to demonstrate that the theory was buried prematurely. He described how Osterrieth would bring the vaccine from his sterile room, after which the assistants would divide it into phials. And it was routine practice for oral polio vaccine to be amplified locally, in labs around the world. No trace of HIV, SIV or chimpanzee DNA was found. CHAT polio vaccine was never produced in Kisangani – we had primitive equipment and no means of testing the purity, titre and safety of a viral vaccine. 2020 global summary. Plotkin claims that ‘when chimpanzees were used’ for any work, this was ‘readily acknowledged’. It transpired that there were no rules in the 1950s about which primate cells to use for growing polio vaccines: any species could be used provided it made good cultures. He insisted that CHAT vaccine was never handled in his virology department at the Laboratoire Médical de Stanleyville (LMS), and that it ‘could not have been prepared’ there. They take the cut hunter/natural transfer scenario (which, theoretically, might have occurred at any point during the last few million years, since chimps and humans became separate species), and provide it with a plausible timeframe. Because cages and play-cages were shared, just one such SIV-infected chimp might have caused widespread SIV infection throughout the colony. But the OPV theory relates to a different polio vaccine. These injections would not have been contaminated with blood from adults with HIV. Unlike some other EU countries, Belgium had not previously restricted the use of AstraZeneca for adults, adhering to a recommendation from the European Medicines Agency, which finds its benefit outweighs the risks. And there is clearly some linkage between the two theories, since one of Gisselquist’s co-authors is Ernest Drucker. The Tdap vaccine (to help protect against whooping cough) is recommended during pregnancy. 16-year-olds in Belgium will be able to vote in European elections from 2024 . These are also the countries that represent the epicentre of Group M-related Aids. Le vaccin AstraZeneca désormais réservé aux plus de 55 ans en Belgique: voici pourquoi nous changeons de cap Crise du coronavirus Même au pays d’AstraZeneca, le vaccin est maintenant déconseillé pour les plus jeunes University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. University of East Anglia. Please include name, address, and a telephone number. (Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.). It was now essential to discover which primate tissue cultures the Stanleyville doctors had used to prepare the vaccine. FILE - In this Friday, Feb. 19, 2021 file photo, a pharmacist prepares a syringe from a vial of the AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine during preparations at the Vaccine Village in Antwerp, Belgium. Belgium Restricts AstraZeneca Covid Vaccine To Over 55s EU Chief Taken Aback After Being Left Without Seat During Visit To Turkey Les chiens, chats et furets doivent être préalablement identifiés et la vaccination notée dans le passeport de l’animal. This may be because the theory is non-specific, so that no individual physicians or institutions can be held responsible. Philos traqns R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. In Stanleyville, they had the Lindi chimpanzees. David Seddon Some sex workers have prophylactic weekly injections, and STD clinics treat both sex workers and their clients. Dr Courtois wrote that it was the specifically the ‘mother-solution’ of the vaccine that was stored in the freezer at Bujumbura that had a known titre (of about 15 million doses per millilitre), and that this vaccine was then diluted 60-fold to reach the accepted immunising titre of 250,000 doses. The Querétaro plant where the CanSino vaccine will be prepared for distribution in Mexico. I have found that 68 per cent of all the earliest Aids cases in Africa (and therefore, with minor exceptions, the world), and 76 per cent of all the earliest HIV infections in the continent, come from the very same towns and villages where CHAT was administered between 1957 and 1960.† Recently, a software programme has been devised to analyse five competing theories for the emergence of Aids in Africa – and found that only the OPV scenario achieved a good fit. (Alliance News) - AstraZeneca PLC's two UK plants making Covid-19 vaccine must share production with the EU under the contract the drugs firm signed with Brussels, officials said on Wednesday. In the annual reports, however, references to the CHAT testing programme and the vaccination trials are obscure and minimal, and there is no information as to what activities necessitated the use of more than four hundred chimpanzees between 1956 and 1960. We have done it before, and we will do it again. Just a few days before the articles appeared in Nature and Science, some colleagues and I had made a remarkable discovery in Kisangani (formerly Stanleyville). Dosis sollte innerhalb von 4 bis 12 Wochen (28 bis 84 Tagen) nach der 1. They came up with a remarkable claim, which elicited much press coverage, that in marked contrast to previous analyses, 60 per cent of all HIV spread in Africa was caused by unsterilised needles and unscreened transfusions, and only some 30 per cent by sex. The arguments, denials and protestations will continue for some time, but I believe that over the next few years it will gradually come to be realised that the Aids pandemic was sparked by large-scale field trials of an experimental polio vaccine – trials that employed African ‘volunteers’ as guinea pigs. Track Latest News Live on NDTV.com and get news updates from India and around the world. In the 1950s, OPVs were prepared in primate cells, as most still are today. In the course of the attenuated live poliovirus vaccination trial described in the preceding paper, an estimated 46 000 African children were given CHAT strain. Even now, there are only four available SIV sequences from the west central African chimps, and just two from the central African chimps. ‘Would make no sense’: Brussels won’t use Belgium’s vaccination reserve list . ................................ Advertisement ................................ Belgium Restricts AstraZeneca Covid Vaccine To Over 55s, He Had $20 Billion, Then Lost It All In Two Days, US Officials Probing Death Of Indian Techie, Pregnant Wife In New Jersey, Rahul Dravid Has Anger Issues? Among the primates the French were using for their research were chimps and sooty mangabeys, the SIVs of which are the closest relatives to the HIV strains associated with the outbreaks. This is demonstrably wrong: gay men have become infected after having only oral sex, and there are several recorded instances in which babies of HIV-negative mothers have been infected through being breast-fed by HIV-positive wet nurses. AstraZeneca ist ein internationaler Pharmakonzern, der 1999 aus der schwedischen Astra AB und der britischen Zeneca PLC entstand. Vaccination is safe right after giving birth, even while breastfeeding. Belgium on Wednesday announced it is restricting AstraZeneca's Covid-19 vaccine to over 55s only, following a finding by the EU's drugs regulator of a link with rare forms of blood clots. But work to expand production capacity at the factory last month meant that deliveries were temporarily reduced. He first announced in late January that the government intended to import a … It’s normal to have questions and concerns about any new vaccine, and the best way to make an informed decision is by ensuring you have the facts you need to know if the vaccine is the best option for your health. Virologists in the 1950s were well aware that OPV rapidly loses titre during transportation and when its temperature rises. ohnson & Johnson has been actively engaged in fighting pandemics for over a century. After returning from Africa, I did further research. In Africa, CHAT vaccine was administered only in Belgian-ruled territories: the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) and the former UN trusteeship of Ruanda-Urundi (now Rwanda and Burundi). Download the Document. Koprowski’s memory has proved shaky on many crucial aspects of his early work on polio, both at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia and in the Congo, and his rejection of Kanyama’s account is hardly convincing. The five hundred common chimps and eighty bonobos that were housed at Lindi were collected from a vast area – 100,000 square miles of the Congolese rain forest – and we know that at least one chimp (which survived at Lindi for more than two years) came from the Mbandaka area, so may well have been one of Hahn’s west central African chimps. London, WC1A 2HN The titration was done in Philadelphia and Courtois was told to dilute the material sixty-fold in order to reach the desired dose. I believe this is a dangerous claim, and not only because recent mitochondrial DNA analysis suggests that the chimps from these two regions should be redesignated as a single subspecies. The new evidence cited by Hooper consists of interviews with two persons said to be former technicians in my lab in Kisangani, Jacques Kanyama and Philippe Elebe. What polio vaccine-makers are looking for is a weakened, or attenuated version that will produce protective antibodies in humans, but not the disease itself. A ‘pool’ of polio vaccine describes material produced at a specific level of attenuation – ‘Pool 9’, for instance, might indicate a poliovirus that has been attenuated by being passaged 28 times through chick embryo tissue culture, and eight times through monkey kidney tissue culture. Hooper repeats his assertion that early cases of Aids occurred where CHAT was used, but neglects to mention that most of his cases are unconfirmed and that there were many places where CHAT was administered without subsequent Aids and, conversely, where putative Aids occurred but CHAT vaccination did not. My colleagues, for example, have turned our pre-pandemic group chat about free food in the newsroom to a "vaccine sleuths" discussion page, where people share tips for getting an appointment. Please include name, address and a telephone number. This is a theory not of iatrogenic origin, but of iatrogenic spread. CureVac's vaccine is currently undergoing the last phases of testing. The suspension of the jab for adults aged 18 to 55 is based on "recent scientific advice," the health ministry said in a statement, adding that people in that age bracket would be offered jabs from BioNTech/Pfizer or Moderna instead. So why is it only managing 200? Follow our special coverage of Assembly Elections 2021 and get fastest results on ndtv.com/elections. I remember Kanyama with affection, but he was a low-level employee with no scientific background who performed simple tasks and did not work with me on cell culture. AstraZeneca ist 2018 mit 22,09 Milliarden US-Dollar Umsatz[3] und 64.600 Mitarbeitern[2] einer der grö… There are more than sixteen billion injections given every year, almost all of them unsterile and most of them unnecessary and leading to the transmission of hepatitis, HIV and other bacteria, viruses and parasites. Just five minutes into his interview, one of the virology technicians, Jacques Kanyama, revealed that batches of CHAT vaccine had been prepared locally in Stanleyville. Vectored vaccines in which Marek's and fowlpox vaccines have been safely modified to carry immunizing antigens for laryngotracheitis, Newcastle disease, or infectious bursal disease are also commonly used in ovo or day-old chicks. The higher the titre, the more it could be diluted and the more people could be vaccinated. The Marx/Drucker theory has been embraced by the scientific establishment, even though the medical profession plays a key role in it. Le vaccin AstraZeneca désormais réservé aux plus de 55 ans en Belgique: voici pourquoi nous changeons de cap Crise du coronavirus ‘Les caillots sanguins devraient être placés parmi les effets secondaires très rares du vaccin AstraZeneca’, annonce l’EMA It’s the economy, stupid! The crucial factor, however, is where and how the individual batches were made. Plotkin says that baboon kidneys were used for tissue culture, but the LMS annual reports record only a relatively tiny quantity of cells cultured from (at most) two baboons in 1958. By ‘earliest’ I mean up to and including 1980 for Aids cases and up to and including 1981 for HIV-1 infections. Yet all age groups and both sexes would have experienced comparable exposure to unsterile injections and unsafe transfusions. Immunization schedule selection centre: Last updated 15-July-2020 (data as of 12-October-2020) Next overall update End 2020 The Regions, Countries, Vaccines lists are multiselect-enabled; You are free to select any amount of any combination of items. The tissue cultures used in Stanleyville, at least until mid-1958, were clearly of a primitive type that would have provided ideal substrates not just for attenuated polioviruses, but also for SIVs. London Review of Books We consider responses of 1 or 2 to be in … By September 2000, in the run-up to a Royal Society conference on the origin of HIV and Aids, half a dozen samples of CHAT vaccine selected from the freezers at the Wistar Institute had been independently tested in three separate labs. No mention is made of chimpanzee cell culture or vaccine production. Of course, the more publicity that is given to claims that dirty needles are responsible for most of the HIV spread in Africa, the easier it becomes to promote the idea that dirty needles might also have initiated the epidemic. The new disease syndrome was first reported in June 1981 in the US. This indicates why, of the seven million children given CHAT in Poland, and the million elsewhere in Europe, none became HIV-infected as a result. This new information does not prove that CHAT vaccine started Aids, but it does significantly strengthen the OPV hypothesis. This was the detail I had missed in The River. Stanley Plotkin History Other bronchitis strains such as Arkansas 99 and Florida 88 are … After nearly half a century, it is not surprising that Hilary Koprowski (Letters, 8 May) does not recall any local technician who would have had knowledge of the procedures for the preparation and administration of CHAT polio vaccine to 215,504 people in the Ruzizi Valley in the Congo early in 1958, or that he dismisses the account of one technician, Jacques Kanyama, as reported by Edward Hooper (LRB, 3 April). Read anywhere with the London Review of Books app, available now from the App Store for Apple devices, Google Play for Android devices and Amazon for your Kindle Fire. Die "Schmid-Kurz-Blümel Chat Protokoll Saga" geht weiter und weiter. Osterrieth also dismisses Kanyama’s recollections, describing them as ‘pure supposition’ and does not remember Philippe Elebe, the other technician Hooper spoke to. I have already categorically denied this in an article published in the Transactions of the Royal Society in 2001. Elebe I do not know; he never worked with me and his testimony isn't of any value. The evolution of HIV-1 and the Origin of AIDS. Weiss wrongly stated that the samples had ‘included the OPV batch (designated CHAT 13) used in Leopoldville’, confusing the terms ‘pool’ and ‘batch’. Osterrieth also claims that, in Kisangani, ‘we had … no means of testing the purity, titre and safety of a viral vaccine.’ Yet his colleague Ghislane Courtois has specified the precise titre of the vaccine used in the Ruzizi mass trial, and that the vaccine was diluted sixty-fold with saline solution before feeding.
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