- ℹ - Biographie : Maréchal de France (1856-1951) artisan de la victoire française durant la Première Guerre mondiale, il devient, le chef de l'« État français » de Vichy, tout en laissant son gouvernement s'enfoncer dans la collaboration [2] After rejecting Pétain's first marriage proposal, Hardon had married and divorced François de Hérain by 1914 when she was 35. Following the British attacks of July and September 1940 (Mers el Kébir, Dakar), the French government became increasingly fearful of the British and took the initiative to collaborate with the occupiers. Biographie de Philippe Pétain (1856-1951). Comme chef de l'État, son nom est associé à l'armistice de juin 1940 et au régime de Vichy qui a collaboré avec l… Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (1856-1951) est un militaire et un homme d'État français, fait Maréchal de France en 1918. [39], The government moved to Bordeaux, where French governments had fled German invasions in 1870 and 1914, on 14 June. The War Ministry was hamstrung between the wars and proved unequal to the tasks before them. Censorship was imposed, and freedom of expression and thought were effectively abolished with the reinstatement of the crime of "felony of opinion.". Promoted to brigadier general on Aug. 31, 1914, Pétain distinguished himself at the Battle of the Marne (1914) and in June 1915 was named a full general and given command of the 11th Army. Pétain commanded the Second Army at the start of the Battle of Verdun in February 1916. Beginning in 1878, while Philippe Pétainwas still in the military academy, he began serving in the French army. His government voted to transform the discredited French Third Republic into the French State, an authoritarian regime that collaborated with the Axis. Bien qu'il soit d'un âge avancé, il participe aux décisions primordiales de défense, comme la con… Rather than holding down the same infantry divisions on the Verdun battlefield for months, akin to the German system, he rotated them out after only two weeks on the front lines. Après la débâcle française (1940), il demande l'armistice, obtient les pleins pouvoirs, fonde l'«État français» et engage la France dans une politique de collaboration. Soon, he succeeded Paul Reynaud as the Prime Minister of France and was asked to form a new government, which would negotiate a truce with the Germans. ("They shall not pass"!) Subsequently a great popular hero, he became chief … Pétain was born in Cauchy-à-la-Tour (in the Pas-de-Calais département in Northern France) in 1856. [24] In 1931 Pétain was elected a Fellow of the Académie française. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Highly impressed by the tales told by his uncle, his destiny was from then on determined by the army. Pétain had taught the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco "many years ago at France's war college" and was sent to Spain "in the hope he would win his former pupil away from Italian and German influence. [3] She had no children by Pétain but already had a son from her first marriage, Pierre de Hérain, whom Pétain strongly disliked.[4]. The next day, they went to Lebrun himself. He was awarded the ‘Legion of Honor’, a French order established by Napoleon Bonaparte which is of the highest decoration in France. Several ministers were still opposed to an armistice, and Weygand immediately lashed out at them for even leaving Paris. Von Renthe-Fink renewed his request twice on the 18th, then returned on the 19th, at 11:30, accompanied by General von Neubroon, who told him that he had "formal orders from Berlin". During the interwar period he was head of the peacetime French Army, commanded joint Franco-Spanish operations during the Rif War and served twice as a government minister. Between 1878 and 1899, he served in various garrisons with different battalions of the Chasseurs à pied, the elite light infantry of the French Army. His body was buried in a local cemetery (Cimetière communal de Port-Joinville). A new Cabinet with Pétain as head of government was formed, with Henry du Moulin de Labarthète as the Cabinet Secretary. Soon, his punishment was converted to solitary confinement for life. However, after Germany invaded France, Pétain joined the new government of Paul Reynaud on 18 May 1940 as Deputy Prime Minister. Contrary to President Albert Lebrun's later recollection, no formal vote appears to have been taken at Cabinet on 16 June. [39], Parliament, both senate and chamber, were also at Bordeaux and immersed themselves in the armistice debate. By coincidence, on the evening of 14 June in Bordeaux, de Gaulle dined in the same restaurant as Pétain; he came over to shake his hand in silence, and they never met again. "Flawed saviours: the myths of Hindenburg and Pétain". In March 1939, Pétain was appointed French ambassador to the newly recognized Nationalist government of Spain. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment. Not once did he offer a sympathetic word for Germany." He continued to rise up the ranks in the first decade of the 1900’s, but he wasn’t famous yet. He was appointed the commander-in-chief of the French Army and was successful in restoring morale in the French army after a series of mutinies in 1917. Although holding the position until 17 April 1942, the executive power was exercised by the Deputy Prime Ministers from 11 July 1940. Pétain's motives are a topic of wide conjecture. The jury sentenced him to death by a one-vote majority. The republican motto of "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" ("Freedom, equality, brotherhood") was replaced with "Travail, famille, patrie" ("Work, family, fatherland"). Due to his advanced age, the court asked that the sentence not be carried out. He was imprisoned in a fortress on the Île d’Yeu off the Atlantic coast, where he died at the age of 95. It is impossible for the government to abandon French soil without emigrating, without deserting. After the autumn maneuvers, which Pétain had reinstated, a report was presented to Pétain that officers had been poorly instructed, had little basic knowledge, and no confidence. In August 1944, after the liberation of France, the Germans transferred Pétain and other members of the French cabinet from Vichy to Germany. Pétain was born in Cauchy-à-la-Tour (in the Pas-de-Calais département in Northern France) in 1856. The third offensive, "Blücher", in May 1918, saw major German advances on the Aisne, as the French Army commander (Humbert) ignored Pétain's instructions to defend in depth and instead allowed his men to be hit by the initial massive German bombardment. The cuts in military expenditure meant that taking the offensive was now impossible and a defensive strategy was all they could have. [67], Pétain died in a private home in Port-Joinville on the Île d'Yeu on 23 July 1951, at the age of 95. Pétain remained in command for the rest of the war and emerged as a national hero. [66], On 8 June 1951, President Auriol, informed that Pétain had little longer to live, commuted his sentence to confinement in hospital; the news was kept secret until after the elections on 17 June, but by then, Pétain was too ill to be moved to Paris. Reserves could be called up when needed. Some argue[who?] Pétain and Minister of Information Prouvost urged the cabinet to hear Weygand out because "he was the only one really to know what was happening". However, on his birthday almost three weeks later, he was taken to the Swiss border. [64], Although Pétain had still been in good health for his age at the time of his imprisonment, by late 1947, his memory lapses were worsening and he was beginning to suffer from incontinence, sometimes soiling himself in front of visitors and sometimes no longer recognising his wife. The Maginot Line, as it came to be called, (named after André Maginot the former Minister of War) thereafter occupied a good deal of Pétain's attention during 1928, when he also travelled extensively, visiting military installations up and down the country. that while Pétain supported the massive use of tanks he saw them mostly as infantry support, leading to the fragmentation of the French tank force into many types of unequal value spread out between mechanised cavalry (such as the SOMUA S35) and infantry support (mostly the Renault R35 tanks and the Char B1 bis). The government later transferred him to the Fort de Pierre-Levée citadel on the Île d'Yeu, a small island off the French Atlantic coast. This was France's highest military position, whose holder was Commander-in-Chief designate in the event of war and who had the right to overrule the Chief of the General Staff (a position held in the 1920s by Petain's protégés Buat and Debeney), and Petain would hold it until 1931. [30] Reportedly Franco advised Pétain against leaving his diplomatic post in Madrid, to return to a collapsing France as a "sacrifice". But Pétain was only one of many military and other men on a very large committee responsible for national defence, and interwar governments frequently cut military budgets. [69], In February 1973, Pétain's coffin housing his remains was stolen from the Île d'Yeu cemetery by extremists, who demanded that President Georges Pompidou consent to its re-interment at Douaumont cemetery among the war dead of the Verdun battle. He was a writer, known for Pétain et la France (1941). He was buried in a Marine cemetery near the prison. Philippe went to a local village school, followed by a religious secondary school before being admitted to Saint-Cyr military academy in 1876. He died on July 23, 1951 in Île d'Yeu, Vendée, France. He earned much appreciation from the French government and military for this victory and subsequently became a national hero. "[33] When World War II began in September, Daladier offered Pétain a position in his government, which Pétain turned down. Auréolé de gloire, Philippe Pétain est élevé à la dignité de maréchal de France le 11 novembre 1918. Sa réception, le 22 janvier 1931, par Paul Valéry prit toutes les apparences dun véritable événement ; rappelant les qualités dhumanité dont le maréchal avait fait montre à Verdun, le poète déclara : « Vous avez découvert que le feu tue. Né le 24 avril 1856 à Cauchy-à-la-Tour dans le Pas-de-Calais, il meurt le 23 juillet 1951 à Port-Joinville durant son internement sur l'île d'Yeu en Vendée, où il est inhumé. http://worldhistory-photos.blogspot.com/2014/08/philippe-petain.html, http://2iemeguerre.ca/protagonistes/petain.htm, http://www.t411.io/torrents/verdun-ptain-vs-falkenhayn-tvrip-xvid-caribouprod, https://www.facebook.com/marinamaralarts/photos/henri-philippe-benoni-omer-joseph-p%C3%A9tain-24-april-1856-23-july-1951-generally-kn/1156114921168313/. – was actually uttered by Robert Nivelle who succeeded him in command of the Second Army at Verdun in May 1916. At that day's cabinet meeting, Pétain strongly supported Weygand’s demand for an armistice and read out a draft proposal to the cabinet where he spoke of. Though Pétain publicly stated that he had no desire to become "a Caesar,"[52] by January 1941, Pétain held virtually all governing power in France; nearly all legislative, executive, and judicial powers were either de jure or de facto in his hands. Eight were initially undecided but swung towards an armistice. By 1932 the economic situation had worsened and Édouard Herriot's government had made "severe cuts in the defence budget... orders for new weapons systems all but dried up". Pétain joined the French Army in 1876 and attended the St Cyr Military Academy in 1887 and the École Supérieure de Guerre (army war college) in Paris. Pétain led his brigade at the Battle of Guise (29 August 1914). I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in others." They involved, to various degrees, nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it. Pinardville, a traditionally French-Canadian neighborhood of Goffstown, New Hampshire, has a Petain Street dating from the 1920s, alongside parallel streets named for other World War I generals, John Pershing, Douglas Haig, Ferdinand Foch, and Joseph Joffre. [68], His sometime protégé Charles de Gaulle later wrote that Pétain’s life was "successively banal, then glorious, then deplorable, but never mediocre". His father, Omer-Venant, was a farmer. En dépit du remplacement du général Gameli… [27], In November the Doumergue government fell. His great-uncle, a Catholic priest, Father Abbe Lefebvre (1771–1866), had served in Napoleon's Grande Armée and told the young Philippe tales of war and adventure of his campaigns from the peninsulas of Italy to the Alps in Switzerland. The duty of the government is, come what may, to remain in the country, or it could not longer be regarded as the government". Pétain had been made, briefly, Minister of War in 1934. He said that France had lost faith in her destiny. [29] Although Le Petit Journal was conservative, Pétain's high reputation was bipartisan; socialist Léon Blum called him "the most human of our military commanders". Philippe went to a local village school, followed by a religious secondary school before being admitted to Saint-Cyr military academy in 1876. [12] He was summoned to be present at the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919. After serving on a number of posts such as the Marshal of France, Minister of War and Secretary of State, he was appointed the Prime Minister of France at the start of World War II. Issu d’un milieu rural et catholique, il fait le choix du métier des armes précocement. [57] In 1887, he was enrolled at the École Supérieure de Guerre, an army war college, in Paris. Pétain did not get involved in non-military issues when in the Cabinet, and unlike other military leaders he did not have a reputation as an extreme Catholic or a monarchist.[30]. Rather than resigning, he maintained in a letter to the French the fiction that "I am, and remain morally, your leader". The Congress voted 569–80 (with 18 abstentions) to grant the Cabinet the authority to draw up a new constitution, effectively "voting the Third Republic out of existence". Captain Charles de Gaulle continued to be a protégé of Pétain throughout these years. On 12 June, after a second session of the conference, the cabinet met and Weygand again called for an armistice. His job as Commander-in-Chief came to an end with peace and demobilisation, and with Foch out of favour after his quarrel with the French government over the peace terms, it was Petain who, in January 1920, was appointed Vice-Chairman of the revived Conseil supérieur de la Guerre (Supreme War Council). [36] By 8 June, Paris was threatened, and the government was preparing to depart, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. or "firepower kills! Pétain's government acquiesced to the Axis forces demands for large supplies of manufactured goods and foodstuffs, and also ordered French troops in France's colonial empire (in Dakar, Syria, Madagascar, Oran and Morocco) to defend sovereign French territory against any aggressors, Allied or otherwise. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856[1] – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain (/peɪˈtæ̃/, French: [filip petɛ̃]), Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain) and sometimes, The Old Marshal (Le Vieux Maréchal), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun (Le Lion de Verdun). [63] At the outbreak of World War II, Pétain was appointed the Deputy Prime Minister in May 1940. Consideration has been given to removing the sidewalk ribbon denoting the parade for Pétain, given his role with the Nazis in World War II. Biographie complète de Philippe Pétain, l'un des acteurs de la Seconde Guerre mondiale As General of the French battalion during World War I, he won much fame and respect for his successful defense of Verdun against the Germans in 1916. Chautemps then proposed a fudge proposal, an inquiry about terms. "[citation needed]. [21] Pétain had based his strong support for the Maginot Line on his own experience of the role played by the forts during the Battle of Verdun in 1916. Churchill then said the French should defend Paris and reminded Pétain of how he had come to the aid of the British with forty divisions in March 1918, and repeating Clemenceau's words. However Weygand reported to the Senate Army Commission that year that the French Army could still not resist a German attack. It wasn’t until World War I that Pétain’s name became famous. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Pétain, instead, held off from major French offensives until the Americans arrived in force on the front lines, which did not happen until the early summer of 1918. On 1 March 1935, Pétain's famous article[31] appeared in the Revue des deux mondes, where he reviewed the history of the army since 1927–28. In March 1904, by then serving in the 104th Infantry, he was appointed adjunct professor of applied infantry tactics at the École Supérieure de Guerre,[5] and following promotion to lieutenant-colonel was promoted to professor on 3 April 1908. [42], Lebrun reluctantly accepted Reynaud’s resignation as Prime Minister on 16 June, and felt he had little choice but to appoint Pétain in his place. [63], Over the following years Pétain's lawyers and many foreign governments and dignitaries, including Queen Mary and the Duke of Windsor, appealed to successive French governments for Pétain's release, but given the unstable state of Fourth Republic politics, no government was willing to risk unpopularity by releasing him. Henri Philippe Pétain was born on 24 April 1856 into a farming family from northern France. As a retired military commander, he ran the country on military lines. It was left to the Marshals, Pétain, Joffre, and Foch, to pick up the pieces of their strategies. [6], Unlike many French officers, Pétain served mainly in mainland France, never French Indochina or any of the African colonies, although he participated in the Rif campaign in Morocco. In 1938 Pétain encouraged and assisted the writer André Maurois in gaining election to the Académie française – an election which was highly contested, in part due to Maurois' Jewish origin. Août 1914, il se distingue dans la région de Guise. [16], Pétain was appointed Inspector-General of the Army in February 1922, and produced, in concert with the new Chief of the General Staff, General Marie-Eugène Debeney, the new army manual entitled Provisional Instruction on the Tactical Employment of Large Units, which soon became known as 'the Bible'. In the latter year General Maxime Weygand claimed that "the French Army was no longer a serious fighting force". Reynaud hoped that the hero of Verdun might instill a renewed spirit of resistance and patriotism in the French Army. [41], On Sunday, 16 June, President Roosevelt's reply to President Lebrun's requests for assistance came with only vague promises and saying that it was impossible for the President to do anything without Congressional approval. Il devient commandant en chef des armées françaises en 1917 et est nommé maréchal de France au lendemain de la Victoire, en novembre 1918. He and his government collaborated with Germany in the years after the armistice. He improved the recruitment programme for specialists, and lengthened the training period by reducing leave entitlements. [48] Nearly all French historians, as well as all postwar French governments, consider this vote to be illegal; not only were several deputies and senators not present, but the constitution explicitly stated that the republican form of government could not be changed, though it could be argued that a republican dictatorship was installed. The three Marshals supported this. The latter wrote a sarcastic reply, telling Pétain that he should have "thought of this before". In August 1944, Pétain made an attempt to distance himself from the crimes of the militia by writing Darnand a letter of reprimand for the organisation's "excesses". On 1 July, the government, finding Clermont too cramped, moved to Vichy, at Baudouin's suggestion, the empty hotels there being more suitable for the government ministries. [41] Weygand persuaded him that Reynaud's suggestion would be a shameful surrender. (an echoing of Joan of Arc, roughly: "We'll get them! His views were later proved to be correct during the First World War. It is argued[who?] Paul Baudouin met his plane and immediately spoke to him of the hopelessness of further French resistance.
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