[8] Egypt's theological paradigm encouraged a male pharaoh to accept royal women from several different generations as wives to strengthen the chances of his offspring succeeding him. His Majesty reached them like the wing stroke of a falcon, like Menthu (war god of Thebes) in his transformation...Ikheny, the boaster in the midst of the army, did not know the lion that was before him. Le visiteur y croise notamment le célèbre regard du Scribe accroupi ou peut y admirer les statues de rois et de reines tels Sésostris III, Ahmès Néfertari, Hatchepsout, Aménophis III, Néfertiti et Akhénaton ou encore Ramsès II. Instead, Tushratta merely writes, Say to Nimmureya [i.e., Amenhotep III], the king of Egypt, my brother, my son-in-law, whom I love and who loves me: Thus Tušratta, the king of Mitanni, who loves you, your father-in-law. [56] It was shaped in the form of a temple pylon with a gradual narrowing near the top. [57] With the royal name and Amun references removed, it likely had a prominent place in a temple or palace of Akhenaten. [56] Above his head, Heh appears to support the cartouche of Amenhotep III symbolically for a million years. Dans l'Ãgypte antique, la « titulature royale » est l'ensemble des noms officiels par lesquels un pharaon est désigné dans les textes légaux et les grandes inscriptions dédicatoires. [62] No mention is made of the royal harem. ». The official account of Amenhotep III's military victory emphasizes his martial prowess with the typical hyperbole used by all pharaohs. Now I herewith send her, and she is on her way. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. And let us act as friends. Granodiorie Amenhotep (Right Statue) Northeast side, British Museum, Granodiorie Amenhotep (Left Statue) Close up, British Museum, Left Inscriptions (Left Statue), British Museum, Right Inscriptions (Left Statue), British Museum, Red Granite Statue, North East side, British Museum, Red Granite Statue, Left side, British Museum, Amenhotep III wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, c. 1400 BCE. [46] Priests of Amun under the king included the brother-in-law of the king Anen and Simut. [58] Amenhotep-Hapu enlisted scribes to gather information from records and inscriptions of prior Sed Festivals, often from much earlier dynasties. Amenhotep III also built the Third Pylon at Karnak and erected 600 statues of the goddess Sekhmet in the Temple of Mut, south of Karnak. Front view: The god Heh, who represents the number one million, holds notched palm leaves signifying years. L'ouverture du pays se poursuit sous le règne d'Amenhotep III et un syncrétisme religieux s'opère entre les dieux d'Ãgypte et ceux d'Asie. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The stela is believed to have been displayed prominently in Akhenaten's new capital city of Akhetaten (current day Amarna). Beside him, Amenhotep-Hapu mirrored his effort like a royal shadow. Rather the perceived problems appear to derive from the interpretation of mortuary objects.[26]. Un tombeau codifié KV64 contenant deux momies, une princesse de lâépoque dâAmenhotep III et une aristocrate de la XXIIe dynastie ; un second tombeau, codifié KV40, déjà connu mais jamais fouillé. Les princes mittaniens de Syrie, pourtant alliés de l'Ãgypte, sont attaqués par une nouvelle puissance venue du Hatti, en la personne de l'empereur des Hittites, Soupilouliouma. Since these statues span his entire life, they provide a series of portraits covering the entire length of his reign. Quand en l'an 2 de son règne (-1406), il prend pour épouse Tiyi, qui devient la grande épouse royale, il commande une série de grands scarabées dont le verso relate l'événement et que l'on retrouvera disséminés dans tout l'empire. On situe son règne aux alentours de -1391/-1390[1] à -1353/-1352[2]. Le règne d’Aménophis III (vers 1417/1379) vit l’épanouissement de la «paix égyptienne» dans une prospérité, un luxe, une douceur de vivre sans précédent. Foreign leaders communicated their grief at the pharaoh's death, with Tushratta saying: When I heard that my brother Nimmureya had gone to his fate, on that day I sat down and wept. ...including a small temple with a colonnade (dedicated to Thutmose III) at Elephantine, a rock temple dedicated to Amun "Lord of the Ways" at Wadi es-Sebuam, and the temple of Horus of Miam at Aniba...[as well as founding] additional temples at Kawa and Sesebi. His Majesty was rowed in the royal barge Aten-tjehen in it [the lake].[17]. The likeliest explanation is that the statue was sent to Egypt "to shed her blessings on the wedding of Amenhotep III and Tadukhepa, as she had been sent previously for Amenhotep III and Gilukhepa. Manéthon l’appelle Aménophis. [58] In addition to the rituals, they collected descriptions of costumes worn at previous festivals. Il épouse aussi, en lâan X de son règne, Giloukhepa (ou Gilu-Hepa), la fille de lâempereur du Mittani Shuttarna II[5]. High stewards were Amenemhat Surer and Amenhotep (Huy). [61], Based on indications left by Queen Tiye's steward Khenruef, the festival may have lasted two to eight months. Akhenaten even moved the capital away from the city of Thebes in an effort to break the influence of that powerful temple and assert his own preferred choice of deities, the Aten. Amenhotep wanted his Sed Festivals to be far more spectacular than those of the past. Il était courant quâun pharaon épouse des femmes royales de différentes générations afin de solidifier les chances de succession[13]. Amenhotep III also may have been the father of a third child—called Smenkhkare, who later would succeed Akhenaten and briefly ruled Egypt as pharaoh. [52] In 2014, two giant statues of Amenhotep III that were toppled by an earthquake in 1200 BC were reconstructed from more than 200 fragments and re-erected at the northern gate of the king's funerary temple. [citation needed] The forecourt between the Third and Fourth Pylons, sometimes called an obelisk court, was also decorated with scenes of the sacred barque of the deities Amun, Mut, and Khonsu being carried in funerary boats. [7] He was a member of the Thutmosid family that had ruled Egypt for almost 150 years since the reign of Thutmose I. The scribe Nebmerutef coordinated every step of the event. [20] One of the king's most popular epithets was Aten-tjehen which means "the Dazzling Sun Disk"; it appears in his titulary at Luxor temple and, more frequently, was used as the name for one of his palaces as well as the Year 11 royal barge, and denotes a company of men in Amenhotep's army. Cependant, depuis le début du Nouvel Empire, le clergé de Thèbes n’avait cessé d’étendre son influence et ses domaines fonciers; le … Le roi du Mittani envoie à Amenhotep la statue miraculeuse de la déesse Ishtar de Ninive. [16]. He was a leading figure in the military campaigns of the king in Nubia. Amenhotep n'intervient pas pour venir à leur secours, malgré les appels des princes. Much of the masonry was purloined by Merneptah and later pharaohs for their own construction projects. Link to web page: Abd El-Hady, M. and A. Abd El Hafez, "Physio-chemical and mechanical deterioration of monumental mud brick in egypt", EJARS 2, iss. The Egyptologist Peter Dorman also rejects any co-regency between these two kings, based on the archaeological evidence from the tomb of Kheruef.[29]. Amenhotep-Hapu was one of the few courtiers still alive to have served at the last Sed Festival (for Amenhotep II). There is currently no conclusive evidence of a co-regency between Amenhotep III and his son, Akhenaten. Statistiques et évolution des crimes et délits enregistrés auprès des services de police et gendarmerie en France entre 2012 à 2019 Many jars bearing the names of donors to Amenhotep III to celebrate his festival were found. The son of the future Thutmose IV (the son of Amenhotep II) and a minor wife Mutemwiya, Amenhotep III was born around 1401 BC. According to different authors, he ruled Egypt from June 1386 to 1349 BC, or from June 1388 BC to December 1351 BC/1350 BC,[5] after his father Thutmose IV died. Recognizing that the problem admits no easy solution, the present writer has gradually come to believe that it is unnecessary to propose a coregency to explain the production of art in the reign of Amenhotep III. Ce nâest pas un guerrier. Is Šauška for me alone my god[dess], and for my brother not his god[dess]?[33]. [24] This correspondence implies that if any co-regency occurred between Amenhotep III and Akhenaten, it lasted no more than a year. Its length is 3,700 (cubits) and its width is 700 (cubits). Amenhotep III dismantled the Fourth Pylon of the Temple of Amun at Karnak to construct a new pylon—the Third Pylon—and created a new entrance to this structure where he erected two rows of columns with open papyrus capitals down the centre of this newly formed forecourt. Tiyi lui donne sept enfants : le futur Amenhotep IV, Satamon, Iset, Henouttaneb, Nebetâh, Baketaton et Thoutmôsis dont lâexistence est incertaine[9]. Écrit par Universalis • 110 mots Nom de trois personnages de la mythologie grecque. Des accords commerciaux sont pris avec Chypre : un important quota de bois et de cuivre est fixé pour l'importation en Ãgypte, ce qui apporte à l'île une exemption de droits de douane. This completed the site laid out by its predecessor Aménophis III, whose courtyard, the temple and the chambers for births and offerings, as well as the Chapel for Signs, are also visited. Sometime during the Third Intermediate Period his mummy was moved from this tomb and was placed in a side-chamber of KV35 along with several other pharaohs of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties where it lay until discovered by Victor Loret in 1898. She was the first of many such princesses who would enter the pharaoh's household. Amenhotep III (Ancient Egyptian: imn-ḥtp(.w) "Amun is Satisfied";[4] Hellenized as Amenophis III), also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Amenhotep III va préférer maintenir la supériorité de l'Ãgypte par la diplomatie et il va chercher à renforcer les relations avec le puissant Mittani. The contents of Amarna letter EA21 from Tushratta to his "brother" Amenhotep III strongly affirms this interpretation. LâÃgypte, grâce à lâor nubien, est la première puissance financière du monde. For Upper Egypt, Amenhotep wore the white crown but changed to the red crown for the Lower Egypt coronation. The jars bear the donor's name, title, and date. His lengthy reign was a period of unprecedented prosperity and artistic splendour, when Egypt reached the peak of her artistic and international power. [20] The palace, called Per-Hay or "House of Rejoicing" in ancient times, comprised a temple of Amun and a festival hall built especially for this occasion. [21], There is a myth on the divine birth of Amenhotep III which is depicted in the Luxor Temple. Treasurers were another Ptahmose and Merire. Amenhotep III is known to have married several foreign women: Amenhotep III has the distinction of having the most surviving statues of any Egyptian pharaoh, with over 250 of his statues having been discovered and identified. To commemorate an event, a stela, which is a stone of various size and composition, is inscribed with highlights of the event. On considère parfois qu'Amenhotep III est l'un des initiateurs de l'art amarnien. [43], The resulting upheavals from his son Akhenaten's reforming zeal would shake these old certainties to their very foundations and bring forth the central question of whether a pharaoh was more powerful than the existing domestic order as represented by the Amun priests and their numerous temple estates. Ses filles apparaissent souvent sur des statues et reliefs durant le règne de leur père et sont aussi représentées sur des objets plus petits â à lâexception de Nebetâh[11]. [citation needed]. A daughter of the ruler of Ammia (in modern Syria). [58] Malqata, "House of Rejoicing", the temple complex built by Amenhotep III, served as the focal point for the Sed Festivals. [66] Few Egyptian kings lived long enough for their own celebration. Télé Scoop, décembre 2017, Fichier dâautorité international virtuel, Karnak (troisième pylône de l'enceinte d'Amon-Rê), Le harem du pharaon soleil-Vidéo ARTE, juillet 2020, Chronologies comparées des dynasties égyptiennes, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amenhotep_III&oldid=178392249, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Politique, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Culture et arts, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Une princesse babylonienne, fille du dirigeant dâAmmia, [ N28 M22 D58 W24:X1 G14 N28 G17 U1:Aa11 D36:X1 C10 ], Taureau puissant qui apparaît resplendissant en tant que, S29 Y5:N35:Y1 O4:Q3 G43 Y1:Z2 S29 W11:D21 V28 D36:N17:N17, Celui qui établit durablement les lois et apaise le Double Pays, Ãminent par son bras puissant qui terrasse les Nubiens, Agnès Cabrol, Amenhotep III le magnifique, Monaco, Editions du Rocher, 2000. S'il épouse plusieurs filles de souverains étrangers, en revanche, il ne donne aucune de ses princesses à ces souverains, comme aurait dû prévaloir le principe de réciprocité. He never had high titles but was later worshipped as god and main architect of some of the king's temples. [11] The goddess Hathor herself was related to Ra as first the mother and later wife and daughter of the god when he rose to prominence in the pantheon of the Ancient Egyptian religion.[8]. His Majesty commanded the making of a lake for the great royal wife Tiye—may she live—in her town of Djakaru. The Sed Festival dates from the dawn of Egyptian kingship with early Egyptian kings of the Old Kingdom. Nebetâh est attestée une seule fois dans les sources historiques, sur un groupe de statues colossales faites de calcaire de Médinet Habou[12]. the previous visit mentioned in lines 18f., perhaps on the occasion of the marriage of Kelu-Heba [i.e., Gilukhepa]...and note, too, Šauška's role along with Aman, of making Tadu-Heba answer to the king's desires.[35]. Amenhotep III's first recorded act as king—in his Years 1 and 2—was to open new limestone quarries at Tura, just south of Cairo and at Dayr al-Barsha in Middle Egypt in order to herald his great building projects. [59] Malqata featured an artificial lake that Amenhotep built for his wife, Queen Tiye, that would be used in the Sed Festival. Cette fois, il s’agit de découvrir l’évolution chronologique de l'art égyptien sur près de 5000 ans. Amenhotep III built extensively at the temple of Karnak including the Luxor temple which consisted of two pylons, a colonnade behind the new temple entrance, and a new temple to the goddess Ma'at. The evidence consists of the cartouches of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten being carved side by side, but this may only suggest that Amenhotep III had chosen his only surviving son Akhenaten to succeed him since there are no objects or inscriptions known to name and give the same regnal dates for both kings. [15] Their lengthy inscribed texts extol the accomplishments of the pharaoh. L'élégance des formes architecturales et des proportions culmine alors (colonnes florales fasciculées à Louxor notamment). [63], As a reward for a lifetime of serving the Egyptian kings, Amenhotep-Hapu received his own funerary temple. [57] Akhenaten could then display the stela without reminders of his old family name or the false god Amun, yet celebrate his father's achievement. Le scribe du roi, Amenhotep fils de Hapou, favori, directeur de tous les travaux du roi (architecte royal) est un « Premier ministre » de fait. The arrival of the statue is known to have coincided with Amenhotep III's marriage with Tadukhepa, Tushratta's daughter, in the pharaoh's 36th year; letter EA 23's arrival in Egypt is dated to "regnal year 36, the fourth month of winter, day 1" of his reign. [30] Scientists believe that in his final years he suffered from arthritis and became obese. - iv, 124 pp., 75 pls. Proclamations informed the people living in Egypt of an upcoming Sed Festival together with stelae. EA7, Ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, Amenhotep III wearing the double crown of, two outstanding couchant rose granite lions originally set before the temple at Soleb in Nubia, Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III, Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III, The lion hunts of Amenhotep III during the first ten years of his reign, Proof found of Amenhotep III-Akhenaten co-regency, "22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade, "Amenhotep III Statues Once More Stand Before Pharaoh's Temple", "The Long Coregency Revisited: Architectural and Iconographic Conundra in the Tomb of Kheruef", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amenhotep_III&oldid=1016760221, Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Granodiorite seated statue of Amenhotep III at the British Museum, from its left side. [57] Other gods displayed on the stela, Re and Ma’at, showed no sign of vandalism.[57]. Although shunned by common Egyptians, incest was not uncommon among royalty. [39] His chief wife, Tiye, is known to have outlived him by at least twelve years, as she is mentioned in several Amarna letters dated from her son's reign as well as depicted at a dinner table with Akhenaten and his royal family in scenes from the tomb of Huya, which were made during Year 9 and Year 12 of her son's reign.[40][41]. At the time of the festival Amenhotep III had three official wives: the "Great wife", Queen Tiye; their daughter, Sitamen, who was promoted to be a queen at the time of the Sed Festival; and Gilukhepa, a daughter of the king of Mitanni, a traditional Egyptian rival. For your household for Tadu-Heba [i.e., Tadukhepa], my daughter, your wife, who you love, may all go well. Akhenaten moved the Egyptian capital to the site known today as Amarna (though originally known as Akhetaten, 'Horizon of Aten'), and eventually suppressed the worship of Amun. Le prince de Qadesh et le roi d'Amourrou (Liban) intriguent pour former une coalition de petits Ãtats : là encore, Amenhotep laisse faire. [53], One of the most stunning finds of royal statues dating to his reign was made as recently as 1989 in the courtyard of Amenhotep III's colonnade of the Temple of Luxor where a cache of statues was found, including a 6 feet (1.8 m)-high pink quartzite statue of the king wearing the Double Crown found in near-perfect condition. [18], Amenhotep III's refusal to allow one of his daughters to be married to the Babylonian monarch may indeed be connected with Egyptian traditional royal practices that could provide a claim upon the throne through marriage to a royal princess, or, it could be viewed as a shrewd attempt on his part to enhance Egypt's prestige over those of her neighbours in the international world. Gayet, Le temple de Louxor, 1er Fascicule: Constructions d'Aménophis III. La fin de son règne est marqué par une dégradation de la situation internationale. EA6, Amenhotep III wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, c. 1400 BCE. Viziers were Ramose, Amenhotep, Aperel and Ptahmose. Certains égyptologues pensent que Smenkhkarê (futur pharaon) pourrait être un fils qu'Amenhotep III aurait eu avec Satamon[10]. [19], Amenhotep III celebrated three Jubilee Sed festivals, in his Year 30, Year 34, and Year 37 respectively at his Malkata summer palace in Western Thebes. On that day I took no food, I took no water. May they m[ake he]r the image of my brother's desire. Elle fut découverte en 1898, dès les premières explorations de la vallée. For your wives, for your sons, for your magnates, for your chariots, for your horses, for your troops, for your country, and for whatever else belongs to you, may all go very, very well. LâÃgypte, au contraire, signe un traité avec le Hatti. [27][28] The tomb is being studied by a multi-national team led by the Instituto de Estudios del Antiguo Egipto de Madrid and Dr Martin Valentin. The king changed his costume at each major activity of the celebration. Another eleven scarabs record the excavation of an artificial lake he had built for his Great Royal Wife, Queen Tiye, in his eleventh regnal year, Regnal Year 11 under the Majesty of... Amenhotep (III), ruler of Thebes, given life, and the Great Royal Wife Tiye; may she live; her father's name was Yuya, her mother's name Tuya. Perhaps the most famous official of the king was Amenhotep, son of Hapu. In one famous correspondence—Amarna letter EA 4—Amenhotep III is quoted by the Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil I in firmly rejecting the latter's entreaty to marry one of this pharaoh's daughters: From time immemorial, no daughter of the king of Egy[pt] is given to anyone. When he died in the 38th or 39th year of his reign, his son initially ruled as Amenhotep IV, but then changed his own royal name to Akhenaten. Link to web page It has generally been assumed by some scholars that Amenhotep requested and received, from his father-in-law Tushratta of Mitanni, a statue of Ishtar of Nineveh—a healing goddess—in order to cure him of his various ailments, which included painful abscesses in his teeth. [52] Several beautiful black granite seated statues of Amenhotep wearing the nemes headress have come from excavations behind the Colossi of Memnon as well as from Tanis in the Delta. Lorsquâil meurt, son fils lui succède en tant que Amenhotep IV, mais change ultérieurement son propre nom royal pour Akhenaton. [49], His enormous mortuary temple on the west bank of the Nile was, in its day, the largest religious complex in Thebes, but unfortunately, the king chose to build it too close to the floodplain and less than two hundred years later, it stood in ruins. Ce tombeau est interprété comme pouvant avoir servi à recueillir les corps dâun grand nombre des femmes du harem d'Amenhotep III surnommé le « pharaon aux mille épouses »[14],[15]. May Šimige and Šauška go before her. A letter from the Amarna palace archives dated to Year 2—rather than Year 12—of Akhenaten's reign from the Mitannian king, Tushratta, (Amarna letter EA 27) preserves a complaint about the fact that Akhenaten did not honor his father's promise to forward Tushratta statues made of solid gold as part of a marriage dowry for sending his daughter, Tadukhepa, into the pharaoh's household. Le Nouvel Empire(XVII ème à XX ème dynastie, de 1590 à 1085) constitue l'époque des grands pharaons : Touthmôsis I er, Hatshepsout, Aménophis III, Akhenaton, époux de la reine Néfertiti, Toutankhamon, Séti I er et enfin Ramsès II. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 4 janvier 2021 à 10:06. Most of the descriptions were found in ancient funerary temples. Manéthon lâappelle Aménophis. Amenhotep III est le fils de Thoutmôsis IV et de la reine Moutemouia, laquelle assume la régence lorsqu'il monte sur le trône à l'âge de dix / douze ans. British Museum. May Šauška (i.e., Ishtar), the mistress of heaven, protect us, my brother and me, a 100,000 years, and may our mistress grant both of us great joy. In February 2014, the Egyptian Ministry for Antiquities announced what it called "definitive evidence" that Akhenaten shared power with his father for at least 8 years, based on findings from the tomb of Vizier Amenhotep-Huy. However, more recent analysis of Amarna letter EA 23 by William L. Moran, which recounts the dispatch of the statue of the goddess to Thebes, does not support this popular theory. Il règne trente-huit ans et sept mois, mais certains égyptologues pensent à une corégence avec son fils Amenhotep IV à la fin de sa vie. Another striking characteristic of Amenhotep III's reign is the series of over 200 large commemorative stone scarabs that have been discovered over a large geographic area ranging from Syria (Ras Shamra) through to Soleb in Nubia. The only recorded military activity by the king is commemorated by three rock-carved stelae from his fifth year found near Aswan and Saï (island) in Nubia. Peu d'objets ont échappé au pillage en dehors de quelques ouchebtis exposés dans différents musées du monde. After the Sed Festival, Amenhotep III transcended from being a near-god to one divine. It is now believed to be in the United States but not on public display. Ainsi, les mariages dâAmenhotep III à deux de ses filles ne sont pas invraisemblables. Amenhotep III was buried in the Western Valley of the Valley of the Kings, in Tomb WV22. Amenhotep III and Tiye may also have had four daughters: Sitamun, Henuttaneb, Isis or Iset, and Nebetah. L'actualité Lifestyle, découvrez nos conseils sorties, nos portraits et nos articles insolites, high tech, mode, beauté, culture, sport et automobile ! Mérymosé devient vice-roi de Koush après Amenhotep. 2 (2012): 79-89. Amenhotep III compte parmi les plus grands bâtisseurs de lâÃgypte ancienne. "[34] As Moran writes: One explanation of the goddess' visit is that she was to heal the aged and ailing Egyptian king, but this explanation rests purely on analogy and finds no support in this letter... More likely, it seems, is a connection with the solemnities associated with the marriage of Tušratta's daughter; sf.
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