Those with responsibility for the peacelines were only able to provide specific dates of construction for seven of the walls out of the 22 for which shapefiles were available.       http://www.nisra.gov.uk/geography/Home.htm, The religious background data was downloaded from the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency The background level of deaths also declined but not to the same extent. This is where the research plan ran into a wall of its own. Hard to miss, easy to blame? As the peacelines were all in urban areas it was decided to look at two 'buffer' areas that were 250 metres and 500 metres around each peaceline. GIS software was used to produce TIFF versions (A4 approx; 300dpi) which are available on request. The plan was to look at deaths over a three-year period prior to the construction of the peaceline, to ignore the year of construction, and to look at deaths for three years after the peaceline was completed. The availability of map X/Y co-ordinates for Sutton’s Index of Deaths provided an opportunity to carry out a first tentative appraisal of some of the information. Table based on Sutton's 'Index of Deaths' (1969-2001); Belfast Interface Project; Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) Reproduction requires permission. Permanent walls were built to separate Catholic and Protestant districts of Belfast in the 1970s, and the city is still scarred by almost 100 of them. We were taking a black cab tour of Belfast to see some of the Peace Walls or Peace Lines put up to separate the Catholic and Protestant communities during the Troubles, stopping off at some of the murals that mark infamous historic events. However, whenever researchers approached the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) to obtain the shapefiles for the peacelines in Belfast, they were told there were 22 peacelines in Northern Ireland. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0013.1.2 Title                                         Belfast Areas Map3.1.3 Location                                  Belfast City Centre and Outskirts3.1.4 Owner                                     Unknown3.1.5 Year                      Unknown(c. 6 is a map of peacelines that were in situ in 2001, overlaid with various radials indicating a number of specified distances from each barrier. The Maps are discussed below in alphabetical order. Unfortunately one immediate problem arose with the information on the 22 peacelines constructed in Northern Ireland (16 of which were erected in Belfast); the Northern Ireland Office (NIO) had accurate records in terms of the year of construction for only seven of the peacelines. The first is for the peaceline in Alexandra Park in Belfast. Reproduction requires permission. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0153.1.2 Title                                         Belfast Peacewall Clusters3.1.3 Location                                  Belfast3.1.4 Owner                                     Map constructed by Bob Harper / OpenData in 2017, based on fieldwork and research by Jarman / iCR and Belfast Interface Project3.1.5 Year                      20173.1.6 Type                                       Interactive Map of clusters of Belfast Peacelines in relation to City Centre using @CARTO, mapped in 20173.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © Belfast Interface Project / iCR / TheDetail3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0023.1.2 Title                                         Belfast Riots Map3.1.3 Location                                  Belfast City Centre and Outskirts3.1.4 Owner                                     Sourced from The Troubles, Taylor Downing (ed), Thames & Hudson, 1980 3.1.5 Year                      19803.1.6 Type                                       Map of Belfast riot locations 1857-19803.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © Thames & Hudson 3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. While the Berlin Wall came down after 28 years, Belfast’s continue to stand, and there is little likelihood, at present, of them being demolished. The second file plotted the locations of deaths which occurred in the three years after the year of erection of the peaceline. The two maps for Squires Hill probably show that other factors, notably the first IRA ceasefire in 1994, were more likely to have been responsible for the decline in deaths from four to one in the immediate vicinity of the peaceline which was constructed in 1993. and up. The background number of deaths shows a slight increase between the two three-year periods. So rather than a detailed statistical analysis of the full set of data the researchers settled for a tentative exploration of the information for the seven peacelines above. The "peace line" between Falls Road and Shankill Road doesn't just start in 1969 but it's modern embodiment 50 years on, remains. Due to an absence of information on the precise timing for when the peaceline was built, it was decided to omit deaths during the year of erection from the analysis. Belfast Interface Project (2. There appears to be some disagreement on the number. Maps - Deaths due to the conflict, close to selected peacelines in Belfast, and distribution of Catholics of adjoining wards, http://www.nisra.gov.uk/geography/Home.htm, http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/Census2001Output/, http://borders.edina.ac.uk/html/lut_download/ni_ward.html. Territoriality on the Shankill–Falls Divide, Belfast. The basic idea was to look at the pattern of deaths in the years prior to the installation of a peaceline and the deaths in the years immediately after the building of the wall. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0103.1.2 Title                                         Map of Peacewall Conditions at Falls - Shankill Interface3.1.3 Location                                  Falls - Shankill Interface3.1.4 Owner                                     Paul Bower3.1.5 Year                      20063.1.6 Type                                       Map and Cross-Sections from 'Reprogramming the Wall' Project, conducted as part of 5th Year thesis, Masters of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield School of Architecture (SSoA), Year: 2005/63.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © Paul Bower3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. : peacelines, interfaces and political deaths in Belfast during the Troubles. (http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/Census2001Output/ The two maps for Alliance Avenue show a decline from five deaths before the peaceline to two deaths after within the 500 metre buffer zone. Again this decline in deaths in the buffer zone around the peaceline would probably merit further research. All maps were prepared by Luke Kelleher, then a Research Associate (GIS) working with CAIN. Outside of Belfast there were 6 peacelines in Derry, 2 in Portadown, and 1 in Lisburn. 1970s? Conclusion 3.1.5 Year                      Analysis conducted in 1968, Published in 19693.1.6 Type                                       Map of Spending Behaviour at Cupar, Belfast, 19683.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © F.Boal3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. It's just that it's each other that they're not kind to!" The photos you provided may be used to improve Bing image processing services. Reproduction requires permission. September 2017 ; Paul Brown (4. The peacelines shapefile was downloaded from the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. The peace walls in Belfast, also known as peace lines, are a series of separation barriers. )3.1.6 Type                                       Map of Belfast on card, constructed from insulation tape, vinyl text and colour transfers3.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © Unknown - If you know the owner please contact curator@peacewall-archive.net3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. These maps give a spatial overview of this violence and consider its relationship with other factors such as religious community background, levels of deprivation, proximity to peacelines and physical interfaces. It is also necessary to account for the fact that the dates of construction for the seven peacelines cover a 10-year span, i.e., they were built in:  1985, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. This gives a span of seven years for each peaceline during which time a general background decline in the level of violence could have an impact on an area regardless of the presence or absence of a peaceline. However, since 1998 there have been new peacelines installed, existing ones extended both in height and length, but no single peaceline has been removed. More tickets & tours. The next basic question was when were the peacelines built? Two separate data files were plotted on the GIS. (http://borders.edina.ac.uk/html/lut_download/ni_ward.html). Begun in 1969 as a 'temporary measure', the 6m-high walls of corrugated steel, concrete and chain link have outlasted the Berlin Wall. (1969) Territoriality on the Shankill–Falls Divide, Belfast. 3.1.5 Year                      20153.1.6 Type                                       Map of extent of Belfast Peacelines in relation to City Centre and River Lagan, mapped in 20153.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © James O'Leary / Interface Architecture3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. This would also have to be supplemented by a detailed reading of the details of each individual death to see if the particular circumstances were likely to have been impacted by an interface peaceline. It is interesting to note that the overall number of deaths within the full boundaries of the two maps increases over the period. Maps - Deaths due to the conflict, close to selected peacelines in Belfast, and distribution of Catholics of adjoining wards (7 maps). There have been some recent attempts at small initiatives. According to the Belfast Interface Project (BIP), it took the form of "a steel palisade fence, 2.4m high and several hundred metres in length,[that] surrounds a triangular area of open land". Fig. The maps for Lanark Way show an increase of one deaths for the periods before and after the construction of the peaceline. The two maps offer tentative indications of a peaceline having an impact on the number of deaths within its immediate shadow. Workman Avenue Gate The number of deaths from the conflict reached a peak in the years 1971 to 1976, dropped to a plateau between 1977 and 1994, before dropping again to lower levels between 1995 and 2001 (the end of Sutton’s records). It is true that there are many organisations which would like to see the peacelines removed. Table compiled by Luke Kelleher, then a Research Associate with CAIN. This probably reflects the background increase in total deaths within the boundaries of the two maps. Reproduction requires permission. Reproduction requires permission. Using the GIS software, a 250 metre and a 500 metre ‘buffer zone’ was drawn around each peaceline. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0063.1.2 Title                                         Number of people killed due to the conflict in Belfast between 1969-20013.1.3 Location                                  Belfast City Centre and Environs3.1.4 Owner                                     Map produced by CAIN Webservice3.1.5 Year                      20013.1.6 Type                                       Location map of people killed due to the conflict in Belfast between 1969-20013.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © CAIN @Ulster University3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. Belfast: Toward a City without walls. Belfast’s partitions have outlived the Berlin Wall. A lexandra Park in north Belfast is a gently sloping expanse of green that looks, at first glance, like any other small, well-tended public park in any other British city. H-JPG versions (A4 approx; 300dpi) are high resolution JPEG images. The apparent discrepancy may be due to different agencies being responsible for the building and maintenance of different peacelines, or it may partly be due to the joining of some peacelines which might be considered as separate walls by other groups and organisations. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0113.1.2 Title                                         Spatial Intensity of death locations in Belfast area (1969-2001)3.1.3 Location                                  Belfast City Centre and Environs3.1.4 Owner                                     Map produced by CAIN Webservice3.1.5 Year                      20103.1.6 Type                                       Map of spatial intensity of death locations in Belfast area (1969-2001) and Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure score (2005) at ward level.3.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © CAIN @Ulster University3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. In 1998, political leaders in Northern Ireland signed a peace agreement. The project examines whether the historical physical boundaries associated with sectarian segregation in Belfast remain influential in how people engage with and value the city’s landscape. Costruiti nel 1969 in seguito allo scoppio dei cosiddetti Troubles, la fase più recente del conflitto nordirlandese, attualmente raggiungono i 15 chilometri di lunghezza. This question might be partially answered by examing the details of each individual death to see which organisations were responsible and whether they were likely to be operating across the interface area. There are over 20 ‘Peace Lines’ in Belfast. The table used was titled Table 7S07b Community Background: Religion or Religion Brought Up In. The peacelines shapefile was downloaded from the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) Web site: Borders and Barriers-The Belfast Peace Lines. In addition a proper statistical analysis of the differences in deaths would have to take account of the background level of deaths. Reproduction requires permission. The fact that there still remain 99 walls, or Peace Lines in Belfast, separating Catholic areas from Protestant and that some of the gates between the areas are closed from 6pm to 6am in Belfast. They hoped it would end the sectarian violence between Catholics and Protestants who’d been fighting each other for decades. The most striking and well-known example in the city is that which separates the Catholic Falls from the Protestant Shankill district ( Fig. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0143.1.2 Title                                         Belfast Peacelines3.1.3 Location                                  Falls - Shankill, Belfast3.1.4 Owner                                     Map drawn by James O'Leary in 2015, based on map produced for: Cosstick, V. (2015). Lanark Way Source: Despite the political developments before and after the 1998 Good Friday Agreement many families feel safer with the walls in place. Alexandra Park 7 ), a gargantuan concrete and metal structure which is up to 18 m high in places, scything through the west … Reproduction requires permission. It was therefore decided to conduct a tentative analysis of deaths close to these seven barriers. Reproduction requires permission. Interactive Map of clusters of Belfast Peacelines. Belfast Attractions: Tour of Belfast Peace Lines - See 1,018 traveler reviews, 908 candid photos, and great deals for Belfast, UK, at Tripadvisor. This forms the third part of my long term project on borders and barriers around the world. $99.52. However, those families who live either side of the sectarian interfaces are not yet demanding in great numbers that they should be removed. Townsend Street Gate Belfast: Colourpoint. Reproduction requires permission. Discover Belfast Peace Lines in Belfast, Northern Ireland: These barriers stand as stark reminders of Northern Ireland's troubled past. … Again this decline in deaths following the construction of the peaceline can only be regarded as indicative of a possible influence of the presence of the wall. I have put together this map … Die Friedenslinien entstanden ab 1969 nach dem Ausbruch des Nordirlandkonfliktes in einem Teil der Gebiete, die als Interface areas bezeichnet werden und durch wiederholte Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Republikanern (Nationalisten) und Unio… Data is mapped at electoral ward level and is based on the 2001 Northern Ireland Census survey results. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0133.1.2 Title                                         Falls - Shankill Peaceline in Belfast3.1.3 Location                                  Falls - Shankill, Belfast3.1.4 Owner                                     Map produced by James O'Leary during field research in 2015, against an aerial photography courtesy of Google Maps.3.1.5 Year                      20153.1.6 Type                                       Map of extent of Falls - Shankill Peaceline, mapped in 20153.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © James O'Leary / Interface Architecture3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. Squires Hill Download Citation | On Apr 1, 2009, Emily Ravenscroft published The Meaning of the Peacelines of Belfast | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate The table below details the seven peacelines analysed. Map drawn by James O'Leary in 2015, based on map produced for: Cosstick, V. (2015). Grenzflächenbarrieren, Peacelines und defensive Architektur , ISBN 978-0-9548819-5-5 , Belfast 2017. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0083.1.2 Title                                         Physical Memorials related to the conflict in Belfast area (2010)3.1.3 Location                                  Belfast City Centre and Environs3.1.4 Owner                                     Map produced by CAIN Webservice3.1.5 Year                      20013.1.6 Type                                       Map of Physical Memorials related to the conflict in Belfast area (2010) and Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure score (2005) at ward level.3.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © CAIN @Ulster University3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. Abgerufen am 30. 22 Environmental Design Consultants, Belfast Peacelines Study, Belfast, 1991. Reproduction requires permission. Reproduction requires permission. Details. Why Belfast residents want to keep their peace walls Up to 15,000 people were displaced in Belfast in first 10 years of the Troubles Fri, Aug 16, 2019, 00:56 CAIN states the following in its Glossary of Terms: There were approximately 35 peacelines in existence by 2001. Reproduction requires permission. In this case the main decision was the extent of the area around a peaceline to include in the mapping. • Peacewall Archive (An archive of photos, maps, texts and links relating to Belfast's Peacelines) You can use the menu above the map to filter barriers by their cluster group, form (type), ownership and decade built. Der Wächter . 11 L’association Belfast Interface Project met à disposition du public les chiffres du NIO et cartographie les peacelines sur son site Belfast is a small city, but it’s demarcated by almost 100 ‘peace walls’ that separate Catholic and Protestant areas. (1971) ‘FUTURE POLICY ON AREAS OF CONFRONTATION’ Second (and final) Report of the Joint Working Party on Processions, etc, Appendix B (i),  (1971 PRONI:CAB/1634/3)3.1.5 Year                      19713.1.6 Type                                       Map of first Belfast Peaceline in 19713.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © PRONI3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. Irish Geography, 6: 30–50. However, the maps do not take account of the complicated geography of roads and paths that cross the interface at either end of the barrier wall. One additional point had to be considered and that was the ‘background’ level of violence. Introduction En Irlande du Nord, et plus particulièrement à Belfast, de nombreuses divisions physiques, appelées peacelines, séparent toujours certains quartiers en communautés nationaliste et unioniste. Reproduction requires permission. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0073.1.2 Title                                         Deaths due to the conflict in Belfast between 1969-20013.1.3 Location                                  Belfast City Centre and Environs3.1.4 Owner                                     Map produced by CAIN Webservice3.1.5 Year                      20013.1.6 Type                                       Map of Deaths due to the conflict in Belfast between 1969-20013.2.1 Date of description              20173.2.2 Level of description            Items3.2.3 Extent and Medium            Digital Image - 2144 × 1424 pixels JPEG Image3.2.4 Name of creator(s)             © CAIN @Ulster University3.2.5 Archival History                  Archived on May 25, 20173.4.1 Conditions of access         No restrictions on access. Reproduction requires permission. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0123.1.2 Title                                         Peacelines, deprivation and segregation densities of fatal violence in Belfast3.1.3 Location                                  Belfast City Centre and Environs3.1.4 Owner                                     Map produced by Cunningham & Gregory for:Hard to miss, easy to blame? Il s’agit d’une étude c ; 23 Foucher M., L’Obsession des frontières, Paris, Perrin, 2007, p. 126. The maps for the Townsend Street Gate show a decline in deaths from six to two. The maps have been reproduced and made available with the permission of Land & Property Services under Delegated Authority from the Controller of HMSO, © Crown Copyright and database right 2010; Permit Number: 40209. It is difficult to present Northern Ireland as a ‘normal’ society when huge swathes of Belfast are broken up by a couple of dozen peacelines. L-JPG versions (1000px700p approx; 72dpi) are low resolution JPEG images. To obtain dates for the other 15 peacelines would probably require quite a bit of library research and unfortunately the project could not afford the time. Roden Street The purpose of the peace walls is to separate predominantly nationalist neighbourhoods from loyalist neighbourhoods. A first question is how many peacelines are there in Northern Ireland? The GIS maps listed above have been produced as part of the AHRC 'Visualising the Conflict' Project. The religious background data was downloaded from the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. The first file contained the locations of deaths for the three years prior to the year of erection of the peaceline. Of these 26 were in Belfast, mainly in the west and north of the city. Belfast people are very kind to everyone. This set of three maps, illustrates the distribution of the Catholic population (and thus also the Protestant population) in Belfast, Derry and Northern Ireland as a whole. This set of maps, also illustrates the distribution of the Catholic population. The fact that Northern Ireland still has segregated education – Catholic schools for Catholics, Protestant schools for Protestants. Acknowledgement: The Interfaces Map has been redrawn for the 2017 Interface Barriers, Peacelines and Defensive Architecture research, carried out for BIP by the Institute for Conflict Research (ICR).The map now covers Derry/Londonderry, Portadown and Lurgan as well as Belfast. Maps relating to settlement boundaries in Northern Ireland. We use Google Analytics to see information about our site visitors, including number of visitors and location. : peacelines, interfaces and political deaths in Belfast during the Troubles. 3.1.1 Reference code(s)              UK INT-ARC PA2015 CL00-MA0043.1.2 Title                                         Map of Falls - Shankill Peaceline in 19713.1.3 Location                                  Falls / Shankill Interface, Belfast3.1.4 Owner                                     Sourced from Taylor, J. Three versions of each map have been made available above: As in the case of other maps the drawing of the maps involved a number of decisions which can impact on the the results. The number of deaths within the buffer zone for the Workman Avenue Gate remains constant at two deaths before and after the construction of the peaceline. Ethnic Interfaces/Peace Lines. This set of maps plots the location of seven 'peacelines' in Belfast and examines the location and number of deaths in the three years prior to, and the three years following, their construction. Juni 2017). Alliance Avenue These distances were selected to reflect the possible extent of the range of influence of the peaceline. "Frieden, aber keine Liebe, da die Kluft in Nordirland immer größer wird" . One thing Belfast is internationally famous for, besides the Titanic, is its peacelines. It is clear from the two maps that there are many fewer deaths across the total area enclosed by the full maps. Given their apparent permanence it might be natural to ask for objective evidence that the peacelines do indeed reduce violence. Reproduction requires permission. By 2007 the number of peacelines had grown to 46 walls or fences and 11 gates (Belfast Telegraph 26 April 2007). 1 JSON; Department of Health trust boundaries.
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